BASIC ELEMENTS OF ELECTRONICS

BASIC ELEMENTS OF ELECTRONICS

An electronic component is a basic electronic element usually packaged in a discrete form with two or more connecting leads or metallic pads. Components are intended to be connected together, usually by soldering to a printed circuit board, to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Components may be packaged singly (resistor, capacitor, transistor, diode etc.) or in more or less complex groups as integrated circuits (operational amplifier, resistor array, logic gate etc.)

Components

Electronic components are mechanically stabilized, improved in insulation properties and protected from environmental influence by being enclosed in synthetic resin.

Components major classification

1.Active Components.

2.Passive Components.

Power sources

Power source is an important device in Electronic Component without this on is work ie,all device require power for their work.

Discrete Passive Components

A passive component, depending on field, may either refer to a component that consumes (but does not produce) energy, or to a component that is incapable of power gain.

Passive components include capacitors, inductors, resistors, transformers, voltage sources, and current sources. They exclude devices like transistors, relays, glow tubes, tunnel diodes, and similar devices.

Discrete Active Components

Active components are those that have gain or directionality. They include Semiconductors (Diode, Transistors, Operational Amplifier and other Solid State Devices) and Thermionic Valves (Vacuum Tubes).

Test Equipments

This involves learning to read schematic diagrams, constructing circuit prototypes using breadboards, testing prototypes (using multimeters, oscilloscopes, and logic probes), revising prototypes (if needed), and constructing final circuits using various tools and special circuit boards.

Input Devices

Input devices convert physical signals, such as sound, light, and pressure, into electrical signals that circuits can use. These devices include microphones, phototransistors, switches, keyboards, thermistors, strain gauges, generators, and antennas.

Output Devices

Output devices convert electrical signals into physical signals.Output devices include lamps, LED and LCD displays, speakers, buzzers, motors (dc, servo, stepper), solenoids, and antennas.

Digital Circuits

Digital circuits work with only two voltage states, high (e.g., 5 V) or low (e.g., 0 V). The reason for having only two voltage states has to do with the ease of data (numbers, symbols, control information) processing and storage. The process of encoding information into signals that digital circuits can use involves combining bits (1’s and 0’s, equivalent to high and low voltages) into discrete-meaning “words.”

Bread Board(Socket Board) Connection

The bread board has many strips of metal (copper usually) which run underneath the board. These strips connect the holes on the top of the board. This makes it easy to connect components together to build circuits. To use the bread board, the legs of components are placed in the holes (the sockets). The holes are made so that they will hold the component in place. Each hole is connected to one of the metal strips running underneath the board.

Each wire forms a node. A node is a point in a circuit where two components are connected. Connections between different components are formed by putting their legs in a common node. On the bread board, a node is the row of holes that are connected by the strip of metal underneath .The long top and bottom row of holes are usually used for power supply connections.

For chips with many legs (ICs), place them in the middle of the board so that half of the legs are on one side of the middle line and half are on the other side.

The bread board has many strips of metal (copper usually) which run underneath the board.

These strips connect the holes on the top of the board. This makes it easy to connect components together to build circuits. To use the bread board, the legs of components are placed in the holes (the sockets). The holes are made so that they will hold the component in place. Each hole is connected to one of the metal strips running underneath the board.

Resistor Color Code

Capacitor Value

Connectors

Wires and cables provide low-resistance pathways for electric currents. Most electrical wires are made from copper or silver and typically are protected by an insulating coating of plastic, rubber, or lacquer. Cables consist of a number of individually insulated wires bound together to form a multi-conductor transmission line. Connectors, such as plugs, jacks, and adapters, are used as mating fasteners to join wires and cable with other electrical devices.

Wires

Cables

Switches

A switch is a mechanical device that interrupts or diverts electric current flow within a circuit. Switch can act as a interrupter, diverter. Other kinds of switches, such as push-button switches, rocker switches, magnetic reed switches.

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